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1 master selection list
Военный термин: список кандидатов на присвоение очередного воинского звания -
2 master selection list
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3 list
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4 list
1. список, перечень, реестр2. полоса; кромка; кайма; бордюр; край3. крен
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список; перечень; ведомость; реестр; таблица
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крен (суммарный средний крен судна на правый или левый борт относительно оси основного направления движения; сравните с roll)
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список; перечень; ведомость; реестр; таблица- delivery list
- equipment-modification list
- failure list
- fault list
- field core check list
- inspection list
- maintenance parts list
- master repair list
- operational check list
- overhaul material list
- packing list
- repair list
- repair parts selection list
- shipping list
- shooting list
- spare parts list
- standard parts list
- super fault list
- troubleshooting check list -
5 LM
1) Компьютерная техника: L M, List Messages, Local Macro2) Геология: Meander length of river or stream3) Медицина: left main4) Американизм: Land Mean, Lost Minions5) Военный термин: Legion of Merit, Light Map, Loss Of Material, land time, launch mount, lethal material, light maintenance, lightweight machinegun6) Техника: labor management, line man, line mortar, locator, middle7) Шутливое выражение: Living Marxism8) Химия: Lithium Manganese, Lower Melting9) Метеорология: Low Melt10) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company11) Астрономия: Low Mass12) Биржевой термин: Liquidity And Money13) Горное дело: обозначение стандарта тонкостенного бурового инструмента для алмазного бурения (США)14) Телевидение: loading motor15) Телекоммуникации: низкая середина (полоса частот)16) Сокращение: Last Month, Licentiate in Medicine, Lord Mayor, left male, list of material, Lunar Module (Apollo spacecraft; a.k.a. LEM), Life Master (Contract Bridge ranking), Labor Month, LadderMonkey (gaming league), Ladies' Meeting, Lady Macbeth, Lady Madonna (Beatles song), Lagrange Multiplier, Lambert(s) (unit of luminance), LanManager, Language Minority (language learning), Laser Module, Lata Mangeshkar (Indian singer), Lateral Meniscus (knee), Lauis Metis (neutral zone planet from Diaspora), Lay Midwife (midwife without a medical degree), Le Mans, Lead Man (Supervisor), Leaky Mode (transmission line), Left Message, Legal Momentum (formerly NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund), Levenberg-Marquardt (algorithm), Libris Mortis (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Licensed Midwife, Life Master (Contract Bridge Ranking), Life Member, Lifetime Maintenance, Light Magnum (ammunition), Light Meter (photography), Lightwave Multimeter (Agilent), Line Monitor, Linux Magazine, Linux-Mandrake (Linux Distribution), Liquid Metal, Liquidity-Money (macroeconomic curve that links interest rates and output as a result of interactions in asset markets), List of Material/s, Litchfield and Madison Railroad, Littlewood and Miller (probabilistic model), Load Multiple (IBM), Loadmaster, Local Manufacture, Location Management, Lockheed Martin, Logic Module, Logistics Management, Logistics Manager, Loop Modem, Lorenz-Mie, LoudMusic, Love Marriage, Low Migration (printing ink), Low Moment (chemistry), Lowell Massachussets (.50 caliber ammunition headstamp), Luigi's Mansion (video game), Lumbering Might (computer game), Lunar Magic (game), Lunar Module (replaced LEM), Lunch Menu, Lunixmonster (Natural Selection gaming server), liver metastasis17) Университет: Lab Manual, Learner Model18) Физика: Light Meter19) Электроника: Leaky Mode, Light Microscopy, Linear Monolithic20) Вычислительная техника: Lunar Module (a.k.a. LEM, Apollo spacecraft, Space), локальная ЭВМ (local machine), локальная машина (local machine)21) Нефть: lime22) Биохимия: Light Microscope23) Банковское дело: кривая, характеризующая равновесный уровень дохода и процента на рынке денег (liquidity preference money curve)24) Транспорт: Left Motor25) Экология: Meander length or river or stream26) Деловая лексика: Labor Managed, Linear Model27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear meter, load moment28) Образование: Language Minority29) Инвестиции: liquidity preference money curve30) Сетевые технологии: Local Machine, Lock Manager31) Полимеры: low-modulus, low-molecular32) Программирование: Load Math33) Автоматика: language for manipulation, linear motion34) Контроль качества: laboratory evaluation35) Нефть и газ: estimated equivalent dead time, logic manager36) Электротехника: latch magnet, load management37) Имена и фамилии: Leonard Michaels, Lord Michael38) Должность: Leisure Monitor39) Чат: Love Mode40) NYSE. Legg Mason, Inc.41) НАСА: Lunar Module42) Программное обеспечение: Lan Manager, Lisp Maintainer43) Единицы измерений: Long Metre -
6 Lm
1) Компьютерная техника: L M, List Messages, Local Macro2) Геология: Meander length of river or stream3) Медицина: left main4) Американизм: Land Mean, Lost Minions5) Военный термин: Legion of Merit, Light Map, Loss Of Material, land time, launch mount, lethal material, light maintenance, lightweight machinegun6) Техника: labor management, line man, line mortar, locator, middle7) Шутливое выражение: Living Marxism8) Химия: Lithium Manganese, Lower Melting9) Метеорология: Low Melt10) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company11) Астрономия: Low Mass12) Биржевой термин: Liquidity And Money13) Горное дело: обозначение стандарта тонкостенного бурового инструмента для алмазного бурения (США)14) Телевидение: loading motor15) Телекоммуникации: низкая середина (полоса частот)16) Сокращение: Last Month, Licentiate in Medicine, Lord Mayor, left male, list of material, Lunar Module (Apollo spacecraft; a.k.a. LEM), Life Master (Contract Bridge ranking), Labor Month, LadderMonkey (gaming league), Ladies' Meeting, Lady Macbeth, Lady Madonna (Beatles song), Lagrange Multiplier, Lambert(s) (unit of luminance), LanManager, Language Minority (language learning), Laser Module, Lata Mangeshkar (Indian singer), Lateral Meniscus (knee), Lauis Metis (neutral zone planet from Diaspora), Lay Midwife (midwife without a medical degree), Le Mans, Lead Man (Supervisor), Leaky Mode (transmission line), Left Message, Legal Momentum (formerly NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund), Levenberg-Marquardt (algorithm), Libris Mortis (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Licensed Midwife, Life Master (Contract Bridge Ranking), Life Member, Lifetime Maintenance, Light Magnum (ammunition), Light Meter (photography), Lightwave Multimeter (Agilent), Line Monitor, Linux Magazine, Linux-Mandrake (Linux Distribution), Liquid Metal, Liquidity-Money (macroeconomic curve that links interest rates and output as a result of interactions in asset markets), List of Material/s, Litchfield and Madison Railroad, Littlewood and Miller (probabilistic model), Load Multiple (IBM), Loadmaster, Local Manufacture, Location Management, Lockheed Martin, Logic Module, Logistics Management, Logistics Manager, Loop Modem, Lorenz-Mie, LoudMusic, Love Marriage, Low Migration (printing ink), Low Moment (chemistry), Lowell Massachussets (.50 caliber ammunition headstamp), Luigi's Mansion (video game), Lumbering Might (computer game), Lunar Magic (game), Lunar Module (replaced LEM), Lunch Menu, Lunixmonster (Natural Selection gaming server), liver metastasis17) Университет: Lab Manual, Learner Model18) Физика: Light Meter19) Электроника: Leaky Mode, Light Microscopy, Linear Monolithic20) Вычислительная техника: Lunar Module (a.k.a. LEM, Apollo spacecraft, Space), локальная ЭВМ (local machine), локальная машина (local machine)21) Нефть: lime22) Биохимия: Light Microscope23) Банковское дело: кривая, характеризующая равновесный уровень дохода и процента на рынке денег (liquidity preference money curve)24) Транспорт: Left Motor25) Экология: Meander length or river or stream26) Деловая лексика: Labor Managed, Linear Model27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear meter, load moment28) Образование: Language Minority29) Инвестиции: liquidity preference money curve30) Сетевые технологии: Local Machine, Lock Manager31) Полимеры: low-modulus, low-molecular32) Программирование: Load Math33) Автоматика: language for manipulation, linear motion34) Контроль качества: laboratory evaluation35) Нефть и газ: estimated equivalent dead time, logic manager36) Электротехника: latch magnet, load management37) Имена и фамилии: Leonard Michaels, Lord Michael38) Должность: Leisure Monitor39) Чат: Love Mode40) NYSE. Legg Mason, Inc.41) НАСА: Lunar Module42) Программное обеспечение: Lan Manager, Lisp Maintainer43) Единицы измерений: Long Metre -
7 lm
1) Компьютерная техника: L M, List Messages, Local Macro2) Геология: Meander length of river or stream3) Медицина: left main4) Американизм: Land Mean, Lost Minions5) Военный термин: Legion of Merit, Light Map, Loss Of Material, land time, launch mount, lethal material, light maintenance, lightweight machinegun6) Техника: labor management, line man, line mortar, locator, middle7) Шутливое выражение: Living Marxism8) Химия: Lithium Manganese, Lower Melting9) Метеорология: Low Melt10) Железнодорожный термин: Union Pacific Railroad Company11) Астрономия: Low Mass12) Биржевой термин: Liquidity And Money13) Горное дело: обозначение стандарта тонкостенного бурового инструмента для алмазного бурения (США)14) Телевидение: loading motor15) Телекоммуникации: низкая середина (полоса частот)16) Сокращение: Last Month, Licentiate in Medicine, Lord Mayor, left male, list of material, Lunar Module (Apollo spacecraft; a.k.a. LEM), Life Master (Contract Bridge ranking), Labor Month, LadderMonkey (gaming league), Ladies' Meeting, Lady Macbeth, Lady Madonna (Beatles song), Lagrange Multiplier, Lambert(s) (unit of luminance), LanManager, Language Minority (language learning), Laser Module, Lata Mangeshkar (Indian singer), Lateral Meniscus (knee), Lauis Metis (neutral zone planet from Diaspora), Lay Midwife (midwife without a medical degree), Le Mans, Lead Man (Supervisor), Leaky Mode (transmission line), Left Message, Legal Momentum (formerly NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund), Levenberg-Marquardt (algorithm), Libris Mortis (roleplaying games, Dungeons & Dragons), Licensed Midwife, Life Master (Contract Bridge Ranking), Life Member, Lifetime Maintenance, Light Magnum (ammunition), Light Meter (photography), Lightwave Multimeter (Agilent), Line Monitor, Linux Magazine, Linux-Mandrake (Linux Distribution), Liquid Metal, Liquidity-Money (macroeconomic curve that links interest rates and output as a result of interactions in asset markets), List of Material/s, Litchfield and Madison Railroad, Littlewood and Miller (probabilistic model), Load Multiple (IBM), Loadmaster, Local Manufacture, Location Management, Lockheed Martin, Logic Module, Logistics Management, Logistics Manager, Loop Modem, Lorenz-Mie, LoudMusic, Love Marriage, Low Migration (printing ink), Low Moment (chemistry), Lowell Massachussets (.50 caliber ammunition headstamp), Luigi's Mansion (video game), Lumbering Might (computer game), Lunar Magic (game), Lunar Module (replaced LEM), Lunch Menu, Lunixmonster (Natural Selection gaming server), liver metastasis17) Университет: Lab Manual, Learner Model18) Физика: Light Meter19) Электроника: Leaky Mode, Light Microscopy, Linear Monolithic20) Вычислительная техника: Lunar Module (a.k.a. LEM, Apollo spacecraft, Space), локальная ЭВМ (local machine), локальная машина (local machine)21) Нефть: lime22) Биохимия: Light Microscope23) Банковское дело: кривая, характеризующая равновесный уровень дохода и процента на рынке денег (liquidity preference money curve)24) Транспорт: Left Motor25) Экология: Meander length or river or stream26) Деловая лексика: Labor Managed, Linear Model27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: linear meter, load moment28) Образование: Language Minority29) Инвестиции: liquidity preference money curve30) Сетевые технологии: Local Machine, Lock Manager31) Полимеры: low-modulus, low-molecular32) Программирование: Load Math33) Автоматика: language for manipulation, linear motion34) Контроль качества: laboratory evaluation35) Нефть и газ: estimated equivalent dead time, logic manager36) Электротехника: latch magnet, load management37) Имена и фамилии: Leonard Michaels, Lord Michael38) Должность: Leisure Monitor39) Чат: Love Mode40) NYSE. Legg Mason, Inc.41) НАСА: Lunar Module42) Программное обеспечение: Lan Manager, Lisp Maintainer43) Единицы измерений: Long Metre -
8 device
1. устройство; приспособление; механизм; аппарат; прибор2. маркаdevice of double sheet control stop — устройство для автоматической остановки машины при подаче сдвоенных листов
air conditioning device — акклиматизационная установка, установка для кондиционирования воздуха, кондиционер
air cushion device — устройство для создания воздушной подушки, устройство для поддува
automatic rubber blanket wash-up device — автоматическое устройство для смывки офсетной резинотканевой пластины
3. устройство для копирования микрокарт4. устройство для копирования апертурных картcontrol device — управляющее устройство, контрольный прибор
corona charging device — зарядное устройство с коронатором, коронирующее зарядное устройство
cutoff device — устройство рубки, устройство резки
decurling device — устройство для разглаживания ; устройство, предотвращающее скручивание, устройство для предотвращения скручивания
detecting device — следящее устройство, детектор
doctoring device — ракельное устройство, ракель
electrophotographic fixing device — устройство для закрепления электрофотографического изображения; закрепляющее устройство электрофотографического аппарата
exposure safeguarding device — устройство, гарантирующее правильную величину экспозиции
fail-safe security device — предохранительно-блокирующее устройство, устройство, обеспечивающее безопасность работы
feeding device — питающее устройство; самонаклад
feed roller force adjusting device — устройство для регулирования степени прижима листоподающего ролика
finger guard device — рукоотталкиватель, рукоограждающее устройство
hand safety device — рукоотталкиватель, рукоограждающее устройство
imaging device — устройство, формирующее изображение
5. лентопитающее устройство6. устройство для передачи листов в захватыinking device — устройство для наката краски; накатная группа красочного аппарата
ink mist prevention device — устройство, предотвращающее пыление краски
7. устройство на входе, входное устройство8. устройство ввода данныхready/not ready device — устройство готовности
9. устройство для передачи листа в захватыattached device — навесной элемент; прикрепленное устройство
10. устройство для захватаmapping device — устройство отображения; способ отображения
11. устройство для вкладывания приложенийjogging device — сталкивающее устройство; устройство для сталкивания
magnifying device — увеличитель, устройство для увеличения
12. счётное устройствоfail-safe device — безаварийное устройство; надёжный прибор
device directory — таблица устройства; указатель устройства
addressed device — адресуемое устройство; адресуемый прибор
13. дозирующее устройство, дозатор14. мешалка15. краскотёрка16. устройство для вызова шрифта смешанного кегляmultiple point ink control device — устройство для управления регулировочными винтами ножа красочного аппарата
numbering device — нумерационное устройство, нумератор
17. устройство на выходе, выходное устройствоdirty-trick device — мина — ловушка
I/O device — устройство ввода-вывода
18. устройство вывода данныхpage makeup device — верстальное устройство; видеотерминальное устройство для пополосной вёрстки
photodetection device — фотоэлектрический щуп, фотоэлектрическое контрольное устройство
photographic composing device — фотонаборное устройство; фотонаборная машина
securing device — устройство, обеспечивающее безопасность
19. устройство для припудривания20. устройство для нанесения порошкаpowder spray device — устройство для распыления порошка, распылитель
print cutting device — устройство для обрезки оттисков; устройство для разрезки запечатываемой ленты на отдельные оттиски
processing control device — управляющее устройство; устройство, управляющее процессом
21. читающее устройствоrecording device — записывающее устройство; способ записи
22. читальный аппарат23. регистровое устройство24. устройство для регулирования приводки25. устройство для перемотки лентыdevice code — код устройства; адрес устройства
device name — имя устройства; номер устройства
26. устройство для сматывания лентыroll-type copying paper supply device — рулонная установка для подачи бумажной ленты в копировальную машину
27. сканирующее устройство28. развёртывающее устройствоselective printing device — устройство для избирательной печати; впечатывающее устройство
sheet feed tray raising and lowering device — устройство для подъёма и опускания стапельного стола самонаклада
sheet piling device — листоукладчик, устройство для укладки листов
sheet stacking device — листоукладчик, листоукладывающее устройство; листовое приёмное устройство
stirring device — перемешивающее устройство, устройство для перемешивания
stock pile level control device — устройство, контролирующее верхний уровень стопы
straightening device — выравнивающее устройство, устройство для выравнивания
tension device — устройство для регулирования натяжения, рулонный тормоз
29. термографическое устройство30. термопреобразователь изображенияthermal print device — устройство для термопечати, устройство для печатания на термочувствительном материале
threading device — устройство для заправки, устройство для проводки
toner fixing device — устройство для закрепления тонера, закрепляющее устройство
toner image fixing device — устройство для закрепления изображения, образованного тонером
trip-saving register device — устройство, предотвращающее автоматическое выключение машины при дополнительном приталкивании
unwinding device — лентопитающее устройство, устройство для разматывания
wash-up device — смывочное устройство, устройство для смывки
web directional control device — устройство, контролирующее подачу ленты
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9 font
1. комплект шрифта, гарнитура шрифта2. комплект шрифта, шрифтокомплектdigigraphic font — шрифт, закодированный в цифровом виде, кодированный шрифт
job font — акцидентный шрифт, шрифт для акцидентных работ
3. базовый шрифт18-unit font — шрифт, рассчитанный на основе 18 групп ширин
4. основной комплект шрифта9-unit font — шрифт, рассчитанный на основе 9 групп ширин
digigraphic font — шрифт, закодированный в цифровом виде
digitized font — шрифт, закодированный в цифровом виде
5. комплект выделительного шрифтаprivate font — шрифт, созданный в типографии
6. шрифтloadable font — шрифт, загружаемый в память
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10 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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11 change-over switch
1. переключательswitch register — тумблерный регистр; регистр переключателей
a/m switch — переключатель автоматического и ручного режимов
2. переключатель на два напряженияswitch list — список переключателей; таблица переключателей
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > change-over switch
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